English Tense System

In some languages, verb tenses are not very important or do not even exist. In English, the concept of tense is very important.

On these pages we look at how to avoid confusing tense with time, and the structure of the 12 basic tenses, with examples using a regular verb, an irregular verb and the verb "be".

Tense and Time

Don't confuse the name of a tense with time!

It is important not to confuse the name of a verb tense with the way we use it to talk about time.

For example, a present tense does not always refer to present time:

• I hope it rains tomorrow.
  "rains" is present simple, but it refers here to future time (tomorrow)

Or a past tense does not always refer to past time:

• If I had some money now, I could buy it.
  "had" is past simple but it refers here to present time (now)

Basic Tenses

12 tenses in active voice + 12 in passive = 24

For past and present, there are 2 non-complex tenses + 6 complex tenses (using auxiliary or helping verbs).

To these, we can add 4 "modal tenses" for the future (using the modal auxiliary verbs will/shall).

This makes a total of 12 tenses in the active voice.

Another 12 tenses are available in the passive voice.

Basic Tenses with Regular Verbs

The usual structure of basic tenses with regular verbs is:

+	positive	subject + auxiliary + main verb
-	negative	subject + auxiliary + not + main verb
?	question	auxiliary + subject + main verb

And here are the forms of the main verb that we use to construct the tenses:

base V1	past simple V2	past participle V3	present participle -ing
work	worked	worked	working

Basic Tenses with Irregular Verbs

The usual structure of basic tenses with irregular verbs is essentially the same as for regular verbs:

+	positive	subject + auxiliary + main verb
-	negative	subject + auxiliary + not + main verb
?	question	auxiliary + subject + main verb

Here are the forms of the main verb that we use to construct the tenses:

base V1	past simple V2	past participle V3	present participle -ing
sing	sang	sung	singing

Basic Tenses with be

The verb be is always different! The usual structure of basic tenses with the irregular verb be is:

+	positive	subject + auxiliary + main verb be
-	negative	subject + auxiliary + not + main verb be
?	question	auxiliary + subject + main verb be

But for simple past and simple present tenses, the structures are not the same. In fact, they are even easier. There is no auxiliary verb. Here are the structures:

+	positive	subject + main verb be
-	negative	subject + main verb be + not
?	question	main verb be + subject

And here are the forms of the main verb be that we use to construct the tenses:

base	past simple	past participle	present participle -ing	present simple
be	was, were	been	being	am, are, is

https://www.englishclub.com/grammar/verb-tenses-system.htm